Georgy Dobrovolsky, born June 1, 1928 in Odessa, Ukraine, was commander of the ill-fated Soyuz 11 mission. He and fellow cosmonauts Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev took off June 6, 1971 and became the first crew to successfully dock with Salyut 1. Unfortunately, he and his crew perished when a valve accidentally opened up during re-entry, suffocating the crew. Dobrovolsky and his comrades as of now are the only people to have died in space.
Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, born January 6, 1933 in the former Soviet Union, was a veteran of four trips into space.
His first trip into space was aboard Soyuz 12 in September 1973. After the tragedy of Soyuz 11, the Soviets reduced crew capacity of the capsule to two (from three) to allow pressure suits to be worn during take off, re-entry and landing. Makarov and fellow cosmonaut Vasily Lazarev spent two days testing the new suits.
His second mission was the unsuccessful launch of Soyuz 18a in April 1975. The mission was scheduled to dock with Salyut 4 space station, but the crew failed to make orbit, due to the failure of the launch vehicle.
His third attempt was successful. He flew as flight engineer for Soyuz 27, which docked with Salyut 6 space station in January 1978. Makarov and cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov made up the crew of expedition EP-1. They spent five days aboard the space station and returned in Soyuz 26.
Makarov's fourth and final flight was aboard Soyuz T-3 November-December 1980 as flight engineer. The mission flew to the Salyut 6 space station and was the first Soyuz spacecraft to carry three cosmonauts since Soyuz 11 in 1971.
Soyuz 12, launched September 27, 1973, was intended to help improve safety for cosmonauts, in light of the tragedy of Soyuz 11. Its crew consisted of Commander Vasili Lazarev and Flight Engineer Oleg Makarov. They wore spacesuits which limited the crew to only two, instead of three.
The original plans were for Soyuz 12 to dock with Salyut 2, but the space station failed. Lazarev and Makarov stayed in space for 2 days before returning to Earth.
Salyut 1, the
first space station ever, was launched by the Soviet Union April 19, 1971.
After Apollo 11 landed on the moon in
July 1969, the Soviets shifted the emphasis of their space program to orbiting
stations, with a possible moon landing later in the 1970s.
They began construction of Salyut 1 in early 1970 and planned to launch on April 12 to
coincide with Yuri Gagarin’s history flight on Vostok 1 technical problems postponed the launch until April 19.
The first crew to arrive was aboard Soyuz 10, launched April 22 with Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei
Yeliseyev and Nikolai Rikavishnikov.
They managed to ‘soft-dock’ with Salyut
1 but hard-docking had to be aborted due to technical malfunctions. However, after undocking, toxic fumes began
to fill the capsule during re-entry and Rukavishnikov lost consciousness, but
all crew members were recovered successfully.
The second crew, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and
Viktor Patsayev, launched in Soyuz 11
June 6, 1971 and docked with Salyut 1
and transferred to the space station.
They were able to carry out some of their tasks but after 23 days, their
mission was cut short due to problems aboard the station. They transferred back to Soyuz 11 and re-entered Earth’s atmosphere. A pressure relief valve malfunctioned during
the descent, depressurizing the capsule, suffocating the crew.
The Soviets then moved Salyut
1 to a higher orbit to be sure it would not be destroyed too early through
orbital decay. While this maneuver was
being fulfilled, the Soviets worked on an effort to redesign the capsules so
pressure suits could be worn during launch, docking, re-entry, etc.
Their efforts took too much time and in September, Salyut 1 was running low on attitude
control gas. On October 11, 1971, the
Soviets fired the main engines for a deorbit maneuver and the space station
burned up over the Pacific Ocean.
Vasily Lazarev, born February 23, 1928 in the Soviet Union, flew aboard Soyuz 12 and the flawed Soyuz 18a in April 1975.
The Soyuz 12, with Lazarev and Oleg Makarov, was the first manned mission after the trafic events of the Soyuz 11, when 3 cosmonauts perished when their capsule depressurized.
On April 5, 1975, Lazarev and Makarov launched in Soyuz 18a. Onlky minutes after take-off, the spacecraft suffered a high-altitude booster accident and the mission was aborted. The cosmonauts landed on a snow-covered slope and began sliding downhill until the parachutes, which opened correctly, snagged on vegetation, stopping their decent.
Lazarev never recovered completely from his injuries and did not go into space again. He passed away December 31, 1990 in Moscow.
Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev, born June 19, 1933, was a cosmonaut for the Soviet Space program. He died June 30, 1971 when the Soyuz 11 spacecraft depressurized prematurely, suffocating him and his fellow cosmonauts, Georgy Dobrovolsky and Vladislav Volkov. The moon crater Patsaev and the minor planet 1791 Patsayev are both named for him.
Soyuz 11, launched June 6, 1971, was manned by Commander Georgy Dobrovolsky, Flight Engineer Vladislav Volkov and Test Engineer Viktor Patsayev. They docked with Salyut 1 but had to replace part of the ventilation system before they could board her.
Upon re-entry, the capsule depressurized too early, killing the crew. They are the only known humans to have died in space.
Cosmonaut Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov, born November 23, 1935, blasted off June 6, 1971 on Soyuz 11, his second spaceflight. Unfortunately, tragedy struck when he, Georgy Dobrovolsky, and Viktor Patsayev died upon re-entry June 30 when their space capsule depressurized. At the time, cosmonauts did not wear space suits, but afterwards, the Soviets redesigned the capsules so only two cosmonauts would ride but in space suits.
The spacecraft operated correctly, the retrorockets fired and the parachutes deployed as scheduled. When ground crews reached the capsule, they didn't see any outer damage, but when they opened the hatch, they found all three cosmonauts dead.
The Soyuz 11 cosmonauts are the only men to die in space.
